von TCMVET | 20. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
As a pet parent, discovering a lump on your dog can be concerning. These lumps can be either cysts or tumors, both of which present similarly but differ significantly in terms of severity and treatment. Recognizing the differences between cysts and tumors in dogs is crucial for determining the best course of action and ensuring your dog’s health.
What Are Cysts in Dogs?
Cysts are enclosed pockets of tissue that form within the skin and are typically filled with fluid or solid material. They are often discovered by pet owners while petting or brushing their dog. Cysts generally develop slowly over time, and they are usually benign, meaning they are not cancerous.
Most cysts feel soft and are somewhat movable under the skin, although some can feel firmer depending on their size and contents. While cysts are non-threatening, they can occasionally become infected or grow large enough to cause discomfort, which may require veterinary intervention.
What Are Tumors in Dogs?
Tumors, on the other hand, are abnormal growths of cells that can be either benign or malignant (cancerous). Tumors can appear anywhere on a dog’s body and, unlike cysts, tend to feel more solid and are less movable beneath the skin. The growth rate of tumors varies; some tumors grow quickly, while others may take time to develop.
Malignant tumors are the ones that pose a greater risk to a dog’s health. They can spread to other parts of the body and damage vital organs, which is why early detection and treatment are essential. Even benign tumors, though not cancerous, can cause issues if they grow too large or press on nearby organs.
Key Differences Between Cysts and Tumors
While cysts and tumors may look similar because they both protrude from the skin, they have important differences:
- Consistency: Cysts are generally softer and filled with fluid or material, while tumors tend to be solid and less movable.
- Wachstumsrate: Cysts develop slowly over time, while tumors can grow at varying rates, some very rapidly.
- Cause: Cysts are benign, while tumors can be either benign or malignant.
- Risk: Cysts are not life-threatening, but tumors, especially malignant ones, can spread and become dangerous.
Why an Accurate Diagnosis is Crucial
Although cysts are typically harmless, it’s still important to have any lump or growth on your dog evaluated by a veterinarian. A proper diagnosis ensures that you’re aware of whether the growth is benign or something more serious. Vets may use tools such as fine-needle aspiration, biopsy, or imaging tests like ultrasounds to determine the nature of the lump.
Understanding whether your dog has a cyst or a tumor will guide the treatment plan. Cysts may be drained or surgically removed if they cause discomfort, but tumors—especially malignant ones—often require more aggressive treatment, such as surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.
Treatment Options for Cysts vs. Tumors
- Cysts: Treatment for cysts is typically less invasive. In many cases, they may not need any treatment unless they become infected or uncomfortable. In such cases, they can be drained or surgically removed.
- Tumors: For benign tumors, removal may be an option if the tumor is large or causing issues. Malignant tumors, however, require more extensive treatment to prevent them from spreading. This can include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer.
If you find a lump on your dog, it’s essential not to panic but to seek professional advice. While cysts are generally harmless and slow-growing, tumors can present a serious health risk, particularly if malignant. Consulting with your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis is the best way to determine whether the lump is a cyst or a tumor, and to ensure your dog receives the appropriate treatment. Early detection and intervention are key to keeping your furry friend healthy and happy.
von TCMVET | 20. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma (IMC) in dogs is one of the most aggressive forms of mammary cancer. This condition typically presents as a rapidly progressing tumor that spreads extensively, making it difficult to treat effectively. Unlike other forms of mammary tumors, IMC tends to infiltrate surrounding tissues early on and spreads throughout the body even before a diagnosis is made. Due to its aggressive nature, the prognosis for dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma is often poor.
Why Surgery is Not an Effective Option for IMC
Surgery, which is often a first-line treatment for many types of cancer, tends to be less effective in dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma. One of the main reasons is the microscopic cancer cells that extend far beyond the palpable mass, making complete surgical removal nearly impossible. Even if the visible tumor is removed, there is a high likelihood that the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body, particularly through the lymphatic system.
In fact, studies have shown that surgery does not necessarily improve the survival rate in dogs with IMC. This is because, by the time the tumor is detected, it has often metastasized to vital organs such as the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes. As a result, the focus of treatment typically shifts to palliative care and managing the symptoms rather than attempting to cure the disease through surgery.
Current Treatment Options: Radiation Therapy and NSAIDs
Despite the limited success of surgical intervention, there are other treatments available that can help manage inflammatory mammary carcinoma in dogs. Radiation therapy has proven to be somewhat effective in slowing the progression of the disease. Radiation is aimed at reducing the size of the tumor and alleviating some of the associated pain and discomfort.
Another important part of managing IMC in dogs is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These medications work to reduce inflammation and may help in controlling the spread of cancer cells. NSAIDs can be especially beneficial for improving the quality of life of dogs suffering from this aggressive cancer. However, it’s important to note that NSAIDs alone are not a cure, and they are usually part of a broader treatment plan involving other therapies.
Prognose und Lebensqualität
Even with aggressive treatments like radiation therapy and NSAIDs, the overall prognosis for dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinoma remains poor. Most dogs diagnosed with this condition have a life expectancy of just a few months to a year. The focus, therefore, tends to be on palliative care, improving the dog’s quality of life, and ensuring they remain as comfortable as possible during their remaining time.
Early detection is crucial for managing any form of cancer, but due to the fast-growing and highly aggressive nature of IMC, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. This makes it challenging to achieve long-term survival, even with aggressive treatment.
Inflammatory mammary carcinoma is a devastating diagnosis for dogs and their owners. Given the cancer’s aggressive spread and the poor prognosis, surgery is often not recommended as a treatment option. Instead, radiation therapy and NSAIDs are the current standards of care, focusing on symptom management and improving quality of life. While there is no cure for this form of cancer, these treatments can provide some relief for affected dogs and help them live more comfortably in their remaining months.
von TCMVET | 19. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
Pets often hide signs of internal health issues, including cancer, until the disease has progressed to a critical point. Many times, the first sign of an internal cancer may seem to appear suddenly, even though the disease has been quietly developing for months or even years. By the time a pet’s body can no longer compensate, the symptoms become noticeable, leaving owners surprised by the rapid change.
Understanding this delayed symptom onset is essential for pet owners, as it highlights the importance of routine checkups and early detection.
Why Cancer Symptoms May Appear Suddenly
Internal cancers can grow undetected for a long time because pets naturally mask their discomfort. In the wild, animals that show signs of illness or weakness become vulnerable, so they develop a strong instinct to hide pain. This survival mechanism remains in domesticated animals, often making it difficult for owners to detect early health problems.
While a cancerous tumor or internal issue may be silently developing, it might only reach a critical size or affect vital organs much later. Once the body can no longer manage, sudden symptoms appear, which can include:
- Lethargy and Weakness: A pet may suddenly seem extremely tired or weak, showing difficulty in standing, walking, or engaging in normal activities.
- Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss: Even though the underlying disease has been progressing for some time, a sudden drop in appetite or unexplained weight loss may be the first visible sign.
- Difficulty Breathing or Coughing: In cases where cancer affects the lungs or chest, pets may show sudden signs of labored breathing or start coughing unexpectedly.
- Digestive Upset: Vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal bloating may appear without warning, even if the cancer has been slowly affecting the digestive system for months.
- Lumps or Swelling: While internal cancers often go unnoticed, a lump or swelling may suddenly become visible, indicating a more advanced stage of the disease.
- Sudden Collapse or Fever: In severe cases, pets may collapse due to internal bleeding or infection caused by cancer. Recurring fevers without an obvious cause could also be a sign of an underlying issue.
The Importance of Regular Veterinary Checkups
Because pets often hide signs of cancer until the disease has reached a critical point, regular veterinary checkups are key to early detection. Routine visits to the vet can catch subtle changes in your pet’s health that may not be obvious at home. Here’s why these checkups are so important:
- Physical Exams: A thorough physical examination can help detect lumps, swelling, or other abnormalities that might indicate internal cancer. Vets are trained to notice small changes that could be easily missed by pet owners.
- Blood Tests: While most cancers do not show specific markers in routine blood work, blood tests can still reveal abnormalities in organ function or blood cell counts, leading to further investigation.
- Bildgebende Verfahren: X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans allow vets to see inside the body and identify tumors or abnormal growths. These tests can detect issues long before they cause visible symptoms.
- Early Intervention: Detecting cancer in its early stages gives pet owners more treatment options and a better chance of improving their pet’s quality of life. In many cases, early intervention can slow or stop the progression of the disease.
What To Do If Symptoms Appear Suddenly
If you notice a sudden change in your pet’s health, it’s essential to seek veterinary attention immediately. Even if the signs seem minor, such as a decrease in appetite or a temporary period of lethargy, they could be early indicators of a serious underlying issue like cancer.
Some of the signs to look for include:
- Sudden weakness or inability to move
- Persistent coughing, panting, or breathing difficulties
- Vomiting or diarrhea that lasts for more than a day
- Abdominal bloating or visible swelling
- Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite
- Recurring fevers without an obvious infection
By catching these signs early and taking action, you can give your pet the best possible chance for diagnosis and treatment.
Cancer in pets can develop quietly for months or even years before symptoms appear. When signs do emerge, they often seem sudden and severe because the disease has reached a point where the body can no longer compensate. This makes regular veterinary checkups essential for early detection. By monitoring your pet’s health and acting quickly when changes arise, you can help detect cancer early, giving your pet the best chance for effective treatment.
von TCMVET | 19. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
Cancer is a serious concern for pet owners, and unfortunately, pets are often experts at hiding signs of illness until the disease has progressed. This makes early cancer screening vital for ensuring the best possible outcome. Cancer symptoms in pets are often vague, so recognizing subtle changes and seeking veterinary care promptly can make a significant difference in your pet’s health and quality of life.
The Importance of Early Cancer Screening
Pets can easily mask the signs of a developing cancer. By the time they start showing noticeable symptoms, the cancer may already be in an advanced stage. Early detection through routine screenings, veterinary checkups, and awareness of subtle symptoms can improve the chances of early diagnosis and successful treatment.
Common but Vague Signs of Cancer in Pets
Because cancer symptoms can be vague and resemble many other less severe conditions, it’s easy to overlook the early warning signs. Here are some common changes that may indicate a more serious underlying issue:
- Digestive Upset: Vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in bowel movements could be early signs of a cancerous process affecting the gastrointestinal system. While these symptoms may be temporary or caused by a mild condition, persistent digestive issues warrant further investigation.
- Appetitverlust: A sudden or gradual decrease in appetite can signal more than just a picky eater. Cancer often causes a pet to lose interest in food due to discomfort or metabolic changes.
- Gewichtsverlust: Unexplained weight loss, even if your pet is still eating, can be a red flag for internal tumors or metabolic imbalances caused by cancer. This is especially concerning if the weight loss occurs without any dietary changes.
- Panting or Coughing: Difficulty breathing, panting excessively, or coughing could indicate lung or chest cancer. These symptoms are often mistaken for respiratory infections, but if they persist, they should be evaluated by a vet.
- Weakness or Lethargy: While older pets naturally slow down, a noticeable decrease in energy or weakness could be a sign of cancer affecting internal organs, muscles, or bones.
- Fieber: If your pet has a recurring fever without an obvious infection, this could be a sign of cancer. The body’s immune system may be fighting a hidden tumor, leading to intermittent fevers.
Why Even Minor Changes Matter
It’s important to recognize that even seemingly minor changes in your pet’s behavior, appetite, or energy level can be early warning signs of cancer. Since pets can’t tell us when something is wrong, subtle shifts in their daily habits are often the only clues. Monitoring these changes and seeking prompt veterinary attention can lead to early diagnosis, which significantly improves treatment outcomes.
What to Do if You Notice Changes
If you notice any of the following in your pet, it’s important to schedule a vet visit:
- Loss of appetite lasting more than a few days
- Persistent vomiting, diarrhea, or digestive issues
- Unerklärlicher Gewichtsverlust
- Excessive panting or coughing that doesn’t improve
- Weakness, lethargy, or loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy
- Recurring fevers without obvious cause
Your veterinarian will likely recommend further tests, such as blood work, X-rays, or ultrasounds, to determine the underlying cause of the symptoms. If cancer is suspected, early intervention can provide more treatment options and a better prognosis.
Preventive Care and Routine Screenings
In addition to monitoring for symptoms, regular veterinary checkups are crucial for catching cancer early. Your vet can perform routine screenings that may detect hidden issues before they become severe. These might include:
- Bluttests: To check for abnormal values that could indicate cancer or other diseases.
- Bildgebung: X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans can reveal hidden masses or tumors.
- Physical exams: A thorough exam can help your vet identify any lumps, bumps, or irregularities that may require further investigation.
Early cancer screening is critical because pets often hide symptoms until the disease has progressed. Vague symptoms such as digestive upset, loss of appetite, weight loss, or weakness can indicate something serious, and even minor changes should not be ignored. Regular veterinary care and monitoring your pet’s behavior for any subtle shifts can help detect cancer early, improving your pet’s chances of successful treatment and recovery.
von TCMVET | 19. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
Krebs ist eine der häufigsten Krankheitsursachen bei Haustieren, aber die Erkennung durch routinemäßige jährliche Laboruntersuchungen kann schwierig sein. Blutuntersuchungen können zwar wertvolle Informationen über den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand Ihres Haustieres liefern, die meisten Krebsarten werden jedoch bei Standarduntersuchungen nicht direkt erkannt. Es gibt jedoch einige Ausnahmen und Hinweise, die weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich machen können. In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir, wie routinemäßige Laboruntersuchungen mit der Krebserkennung zusammenhängen und auf welche Anzeichen Sie achten sollten.
Warum die meisten Krebserkrankungen bei Routineuntersuchungen nicht erkannt werden
Wenn Tierärzte routinemäßige Laboruntersuchungen an Haustieren durchführen, achten sie in erster Linie auf Faktoren wie die Anzahl der roten und weißen Blutkörperchen, die Organfunktion und Stoffwechselindikatoren. Diese Tests geben einen Überblick über den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand Ihres Haustieres, weisen aber möglicherweise nicht direkt auf das Vorhandensein von Krebs hin. Hier ist der Grund:
- Keine allgemeinen Krebsmarker: Im Gegensatz zu einigen anderen Krankheiten gibt es für Krebs keine allgemeinen Marker, die durch routinemäßige Laboruntersuchungen getestet werden können. Krebs ist eine komplexe Krankheit, die sich auf viele Arten manifestieren kann, und die meisten Krebsarten entwickeln sich, ohne spezifische Spuren in Blutuntersuchungen zu hinterlassen.
- Ausnahmen von der Regel: Es gibt einige Krebsarten, die Laborergebnisse beeinflussen, wie zum Beispiel lymphatische Leukämie Und Multiples Myelom. Diese Krebsarten entstehen im Knochenmark, wo die Blutzellen produziert werden. Daher führen sie häufig zu abnormalen Blutzellzahlen oder anderen Blutanomalien, die bei Routineuntersuchungen festgestellt werden können.
- Veränderungen der Organfunktionen: Während Krebs selbst bei Labortests nicht unbedingt sichtbar ist, sind die Auswirkungen von Krebs auf andere Körperteile manchmal sichtbar. Beispielsweise können Krebserkrankungen, die Organe wie Leber oder Nieren befallen, Veränderungen der Organfunktionswerte verursachen. Erhöhte Leberenzyme oder eine eingeschränkte Nierenfunktion können Ihren Tierarzt dazu veranlassen, die zugrunde liegende Ursache genauer zu untersuchen.
Anzeichen, die weitere Tests erforderlich machen können
Obwohl routinemäßige Laboruntersuchungen nicht immer Krebs aufdecken, gibt es Anzeichen, die Ihren Tierarzt veranlassen könnten, tiefer zu graben. Einige davon sind:
- Abnorme Blutzellzahlen: Ungewöhnliche Zunahmen oder Abnahmen der weißen Blutkörperchen, roten Blutkörperchen oder Blutplättchen können auf ein zugrunde liegendes Problem hinweisen. In einigen Fällen stehen diese Anomalien mit Blutkrebs wie Leukämie in Verbindung.
- Erhöhte Kalziumwerte: Hyperkalzämie (hoher Kalziumspiegel im Blut) kann manchmal ein Anzeichen für Krebs sein. Bestimmte Tumore, wie Lymphome, können erhöhte Kalziumwerte verursachen, die bei Routineuntersuchungen festgestellt werden können.
- Veränderungen der Organfunktion: Wenn die Leber- oder Nierenfunktionswerte abnormal sind, kann dies auf das Vorhandensein eines Tumors in diesen Organen hinweisen. Beispielsweise können Krebserkrankungen, die die Leber betreffen, zu erhöhten Leberenzymen führen, was zusätzliche bildgebende Verfahren oder Tests erforderlich macht.
- Unerklärlicher Gewichtsverlust oder Symptome: Wenn ein Haustier unerklärliche Symptome wie Gewichtsverlust, Lethargie oder Appetitlosigkeit zeigt und Routinelaboruntersuchungen keine Antworten liefern, können Tierärzte zusätzliche Tests wie Röntgenaufnahmen, Ultraschall oder Biopsien durchführen, um nach versteckten Krebserkrankungen zu suchen.
Diagnostische Werkzeuge, die über die Routinelaborarbeit hinausgehen
Wenn trotz normaler Laborergebnisse ein Krebsverdacht besteht, stehen Tierärzten zusätzliche Diagnoseinstrumente zur Verfügung:
- Bildgebung: Röntgen-, Ultraschall- und CT-Scans können helfen, Tumore oder Anomalien im Körper zu erkennen. Diese Werkzeuge sind oft unerlässlich, um Krebsarten zu identifizieren, die die Bluttestergebnisse nicht beeinflussen.
- Biopsien: In Fällen, in denen ein Tumor oder eine abnormale Masse gefunden wird, kann eine Biopsie eine definitive Diagnose liefern. Dabei wird eine kleine Gewebeprobe entnommen und analysiert, um festzustellen, ob Krebs vorliegt.
- Knochenmarkaspiration: Bei Krebserkrankungen wie Leukämie oder Multiplem Myelom kann eine Knochenmarkaspiration notwendig sein, um direkt im Knochenmark nach abnormalen Blutzellen zu suchen.
- Erweiterte Bluttests: Während Routinelaboruntersuchungen möglicherweise keinen Krebs nachweisen, werden manchmal speziellere Tests, wie z. B. Tests auf bestimmte Proteine oder krebsbedingte Mutationen, zur Unterstützung der Diagnose herangezogen.
Was Tierbesitzer über Routinelaborarbeiten wissen sollten
Regelmäßige Laboruntersuchungen sind für die Überwachung der Gesundheit Ihres Haustiers unerlässlich, aber es ist wichtig, ihre Grenzen bei der Krebserkennung zu kennen. Haustierbesitzer sollten auf ungewöhnliche Veränderungen bei ihren Haustieren achten, auch wenn die Laborergebnisse normal ausfallen. Regelmäßige tierärztliche Untersuchungen in Kombination mit bildgebenden Verfahren und anderen Diagnoseverfahren bieten die beste Chance für eine frühzeitige Krebserkennung und -behandlung.
Wenn Ihr Haustier unerklärliche Symptome zeigt oder die Laborwerte abnormal sind, besprechen Sie mit Ihrem Tierarzt weitere Testmöglichkeiten. Eine frühzeitige Diagnose ist der Schlüssel zur Verbesserung der Ergebnisse und zur bestmöglichen Pflege Ihres Haustiers.
Obwohl routinemäßige Laboruntersuchungen ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Gesunderhaltung Ihres Haustiers sind, sind sie keine narrensichere Methode zur Krebserkennung. Mit Ausnahme von Krebserkrankungen, die die Blutzellen betreffen, werden die meisten Krebsarten bei Standarduntersuchungen nicht erkannt. Veränderungen der Organfunktion oder abnormale Blutwerte können jedoch darauf hinweisen, dass weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich sind. Das Verständnis der Rolle von Laboruntersuchungen bei der Krebserkennung kann Haustierbesitzern helfen, fundierte Entscheidungen über die Gesundheit ihres Haustiers zu treffen und eine rechtzeitige Behandlung sicherzustellen.
von TCMVET | 19. September 2024 | Krebs und Tumore bei Hunden
Detecting cancer inside a pet’s body is one of the greatest challenges for veterinarians and pet owners alike. Unlike external tumors or skin abnormalities, internal cancers remain hidden and often go unnoticed until they have advanced. Understanding the signs, combining that knowledge with physical examinations and lab work, is crucial for early detection and successful treatment.
Common Symptoms of Internal Cancer in Pets
Though internal cancers can be challenging to identify visually, pets often exhibit subtle signs that, when noticed early, can lead to a timely diagnosis. Here are some key symptoms pet owners should watch out for:
- Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden or unexplained weight loss is one of the most common early warning signs of internal cancer in pets. This could be due to a tumor affecting the body’s metabolism or organs involved in digestion.
- Changes in Appetite: A pet that suddenly refuses to eat or shows less interest in food may be dealing with internal issues. Loss of appetite, particularly when paired with other symptoms, should be investigated.
- Lethargie: If a once-active pet becomes lethargic or seems constantly tired, this could indicate an underlying health problem. While lethargy can be associated with many conditions, it’s often one of the key symptoms in internal cancers.
- Blähungen: Visible swelling or bloating of the abdomen could indicate an internal mass or fluid accumulation, often associated with cancers of the liver, spleen, or other abdominal organs.
- Atembeschwerden: Certain internal cancers, particularly those affecting the lungs or chest cavity, may result in labored or rapid breathing. If your pet is showing respiratory distress without any apparent cause, it’s essential to seek veterinary attention immediately.
The Role of Veterinary Exams and Lab Tests
While symptoms provide valuable clues, they are often not enough to definitively diagnose internal cancers. That’s where veterinary exams and lab work come into play.
- Körperliche Untersuchung: A thorough physical exam can sometimes reveal abnormalities that are not visible externally, such as enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal masses, or irregular heartbeats.
- Blood Tests: Routine blood tests can offer essential insights into your pet’s internal health. Abnormalities in red and white blood cell counts, liver enzymes, or kidney function may suggest the presence of cancer or other serious health issues.
- Bildgebung: Techniques like X-rays, ultrasounds, and CT scans are invaluable tools in detecting internal cancers. These imaging tests allow veterinarians to visualize organs and tissues, identifying any masses, fluid buildup, or structural abnormalities.
- Biopsie: In many cases, a biopsy—where a sample of tissue is taken for analysis—is the definitive method for diagnosing cancer. This helps determine the type, stage, and aggressiveness of the cancer, guiding the course of treatment.
Treatment Options for Internal Cancers in Pets
Once cancer has been diagnosed, the treatment plan will depend on various factors, including the type of cancer, its stage, and the overall health of the pet. Here are the common treatment options:
- Operation: For localized tumors, surgery may be the best option to remove the mass and prevent it from spreading. Early detection is key, as some cancers may have already spread to other parts of the body.
- Chemotherapie: Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that can target cancer cells throughout the body. It is often recommended for cancers that have spread or are not suitable for surgery.
- Strahlentherapie: This treatment is used to shrink tumors or kill cancer cells. It is especially effective for certain types of cancers that are not easily removed through surgery.
- Palliativpflege: If the cancer is too advanced, palliative care focuses on improving the pet’s quality of life, managing pain, and ensuring comfort in their remaining days.
Die Bedeutung der Früherkennung
Early detection is crucial in managing cancer in pets. Regular veterinary checkups, blood work, and monitoring any changes in your pet’s behavior or physical condition can help identify potential problems before they become serious. If cancer is caught early, there is a greater chance of successful treatment and extending your pet’s life.
Cancer detection in pets, especially when it is internal, can be a difficult and emotional journey. Being vigilant about your pet’s health, understanding the warning signs, and seeking prompt veterinary care can make all the difference. With the right approach, early diagnosis, and treatment, pets with internal cancer can live longer, more comfortable lives.
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